Understanding the Differences Between LPS SPS and Soft Coral Types and Their Care Levels

Coral reefs are among the most fascinating and diverse ecosystems on Earth. For aquarium enthusiasts, keeping corals offers a chance to bring a piece of that underwater world into their homes. However, not all corals are the same. They fall into three main categories: Large Polyp Stony (LPS), Small Polyp Stony (SPS), and soft corals. Each type has unique characteristics and care requirements that affect how difficult they are to maintain. This post explores the differences between these coral types and what it takes to care for them successfully.

Close-up of LPS coral polyps showing vibrant colors and fleshy texture

What Are LPS Corals?

LPS corals, or Large Polyp Stony corals, have large, fleshy polyps that extend from a hard calcium carbonate skeleton. These corals are often prized for their bright colors and interesting shapes. Examples include species like Euphyllia (hammer, torch, and frogspawn corals), Acanthastrea, and Trachyphyllia.

Characteristics of LPS Corals

• Large, fleshy polyps that are visible and often sway with water movement.

• A hard skeleton that provides structure and support.

• Tend to be slower growing than soft corals but faster than SPS.

• Often have bright, vibrant colors that make them popular in reef tanks.

  
  

Care Level and Requirements

LPS corals are generally considered moderate in difficulty. They require:

• Moderate lighting: They thrive under medium-intensity LED or T5 lighting.

• Moderate water flow: Too strong a current can damage their delicate polyps.

• Stable water parameters: Calcium, alkalinity, and magnesium levels must be maintained for skeleton growth.

• Regular feeding: Many LPS corals benefit from supplemental feeding of meaty foods like brine shrimp or coral-specific pellets.

  
  

LPS corals are a good choice for hobbyists who have some experience with reef tanks but are not ready for the challenges of SPS corals.

What Are SPS Corals?

SPS corals, or Small Polyp Stony corals, have tiny polyps and a hard, branching skeleton. They are known for their intricate structures and fast growth rates. Common SPS species include Acropora, Montipora, and Pocillopora.

Characteristics of SPS Corals

• Small polyps that are less visible compared to LPS.

• A dense, hard skeleton that forms branching or plate-like shapes.

• Typically fast-growing and can quickly dominate a tank.

• Often display vivid colors, but these can fade if conditions are not ideal.

  
  

Care Level and Requirements

SPS corals are considered advanced and require:

• High-intensity lighting: Strong LED or metal halide lighting is necessary to support photosynthesis.

• Strong, turbulent water flow: This helps remove waste and delivers nutrients.

• Very stable water chemistry: Parameters like calcium (400-450 ppm), alkalinity (8-12 dKH), and magnesium (1250-1350 ppm) must be tightly controlled.

• Regular water testing and maintenance: SPS corals are sensitive to changes in water quality and can bleach or die if conditions fluctuate.

  
  

Due to their demanding needs, SPS corals are best suited for experienced reef keepers who can maintain a stable and well-monitored environment.

What Are Soft Corals?

Soft corals lack a hard skeleton and have flexible, often tree-like structures. They include species such as Xenia, Sinularia, Cladiella, and leather corals. Soft corals are known for their movement and ability to sway with water currents.

Characteristics of Soft Corals

• No hard skeleton; instead, they have a soft, fleshy body supported by tiny spicules.

• Often have feathery or finger-like polyps.

• Tend to be fast-growing and can spread quickly.

• Usually less colorful than stony corals but add texture and motion to a reef tank.

  
  

Care Level and Requirements

Soft corals are generally the easiest to care for among the three types. They need:

• Low to moderate lighting: Most soft corals do well under moderate LED or T5 lighting.

• Moderate water flow: Enough to keep them moving but not so strong that it damages their delicate tissues.

• Stable but less demanding water parameters: They tolerate a wider range of conditions compared to SPS and LPS.

• Less feeding: Many soft corals rely mostly on photosynthesis but can benefit from occasional feeding.

  
  

Soft corals are ideal for beginners or those who want a low-maintenance reef tank.

Comparing Difficulty Levels of LPS, SPS, and Soft Corals

| Coral Type | Lighting Needs | Water Flow | Water Stability | Feeding | Difficulty Level |

|------------|----------------|------------|-----------------|---------|------------------|

| LPS | Moderate | Moderate | Stable | Regular | Moderate |

| SPS | High | Strong | Very Stable | Minimal | Advanced |

| Soft | Low to Moderate| Moderate | Stable | Occasional | Easy |

This table summarizes the key differences in care requirements and difficulty. SPS corals demand the most attention and precise conditions, while soft corals are forgiving and easier to maintain. LPS corals fall in between, offering a balance of beauty and manageable care.

Practical Tips for Keeping Each Coral Type

Tips for LPS Corals

• Place them where water flow is gentle to moderate.

• Feed them 1-2 times per week with appropriate coral foods.

• Monitor calcium and alkalinity regularly to support skeleton growth.

• Watch for signs of stress like retracted polyps or bleaching.

  
  

Tips for SPS Corals

• Invest in high-quality lighting and water flow equipment.

• Test water parameters frequently, at least weekly.

• Perform regular water changes to maintain water quality.

• Avoid sudden changes in temperature or chemistry.

  
  

Tips for Soft Corals

• Provide moderate lighting and flow.

• Remove any detritus or algae that may accumulate on them.

• Trim or frag soft corals if they grow too large or crowd other corals.

• Use activated carbon or other filtration to reduce dissolved organics.

  
  

Why Understanding Coral Types Matters

Choosing the right coral type for your aquarium affects your success and enjoyment. Beginners who start with SPS corals often face frustration due to their strict needs. On the other hand, soft corals can quickly fill a tank but may lack the dramatic shapes and colors of stony corals. LPS corals offer a middle ground, combining beauty with moderate care demands.

Knowing the differences helps you plan your tank setup, including lighting, filtration, and maintenance routines. It also helps set realistic expectations for growth rates and potential challenges.

Final Thoughts on Coral Care

Each coral type brings unique beauty and challenges to a reef aquarium. Soft corals offer ease and movement, LPS corals provide vibrant colors and interesting shapes, and SPS corals showcase intricate structures and fast growth but require expert care. By understanding these differences, you can choose corals that match your experience level and tank conditions.